Airplanes can get uncontrollable during windshear.

For every 1kg of air passing through the combustion chamber, 11kg of air pass bypass the combustion chamber.

When considering a volume of air, adiabatic lapse rate is the temperature change that is caused by the vertical movement of the volume, andThe Lapse Rate is the rate at which temperature changes with height in the atmosphere.

The Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) is according to ISA 2°C per 1000 feet increasing altitude.

For unsaturated air, the lapse rate is 3°C per 1000 feet, this is called the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR).

The Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR) is the rate at which saturated air cools with height and is, at low levels and latitudes, 1.8°C per 1000 feet.

When an aircraft climbs, the static pressure in the instrument case decreases, which allows the enclosed capsule to expand.

This in turn moves the needle on the instrument to indicate a corresponding altitude.

During descent, the opposite function applies.

Altimeter errors can originate and vary from:

Instrument Pressure Time-lag Barometric Density Temperature Blocked static port

The position of the CG directly influences the fuel consumption of an aircraft. An aft position of the CG makes the aircraft less stable, requiring less lift to be generated in both the horizontal stabilizer and wings, reducing the overall drag of the aircraft, and increasing the max range.

You want to load the the aircraft so that the CG is at, or as close as possible, to the aft limit (Without exceeding it).

At the tip

Example answer for a candidate with previous Seneca experience:

Weights:

Max all up weight – take off 4570lbs Max all up weight – landing 4340lbs Empty weight - 2830lbs Usefull load - 1740lbs

Speeds:

Clean stall 66kts with flaps 60kts Vyse 89kts Cruise 140kts gear raising 107kts – lowering 129kts. Vne 195

The 6 cyclinder teledyne continental turbo- charged, fuel injected engines provide 200 hp at 2575.

Left engine rotated clockwise and right anti clockwise.

No critical engine, RayGay turbo’s 42” MAP, 40” limit at lower levels, cowl flaps provide cooling and has 3 positions, open mid and closed.

Avgas 100/130

Props 2 or 3 blade, constant speed, hydraulically actuated, fully feathering.

Oil keeps props at fine pitch, gas and air keep the rpm towards feather. Takes 6 seconds to feather and must happen before locks engage at 800 rpm.

Limit load factor 3.8G

Fuel 2 x 54 (64US) gallons tanks 8 quarts oil max 6 Min

Retractable gear – hydraulic pumps – electrically driven. 6-7 seconds transit

Nose gear has 27 degrees castor.

Main wheels 55psi, nose wheel 31psi

Cable operated controls, all moving stabilator with anti servo tab which acts as a trim.

Frise ailerons and differential ailerons, up more than down.

Manual flaps, 3 settings, 10, 25, 40 degrees.

4.5” – 5.2” hg suction – AH, DI.

Heated lift deflectors and stall warners, anti ice.

Bright yellow lights will light up in the cockpit.

662 kts

Local speed of sound = 39 x √(Temperature in Kelvin)

15°C in Kelvin is (15 + 273) = 288

So the local speed of sound = 39 x √288 = 662 kts

Forward motion forces air into the intake which is a convergent duct where it is compressed (causing a temperature rise).

Fuel is added and combustion takes place increasing the volume. The expanding gasses accelerate to the atmosphere through the exhaust duct nozzle producing a propulsive jet.