Induced drag and its wing tip vortices are a direct consequence of the creation of lift by the wing.

Since the Coefficient of Lift is large when the Angle of Attack is large, induced drag is inversely proportional to the square of the speed whereas all other drag is directly proportional to the square of the speed.

The effect of this is that induced drag is relatively unimportant at high speed in the cruise and descent where it probably represents less than 10% of total drag. In the climb, it is more important representing at least 20% of total drag. At slow speeds just after take off and in the initial climb, it is of maximum importance and may produce as much as 70% of total drag.

Finally, when looking at the potential strength of wing tip vortices, all this theory on induced drag must be moderated by the effect of aircraft weight. Induced drag will always increase with aircraft weight.

An adymensional number relating the lift with the dynamic pressure of the incoming flow. It is dependent on the form of the object and the angle of attack.

Frequency range from 200-1750kHz, medium and low range frequency bands.

No, VMCG is defined as the minimum control speed on the ground, with one engine inoperative (critical engine on two engine airplanes), takeoff power on other engine(s), using aerodynamic controls only for directional control and thus only applicable to ME aircraft.

The angle between between the chord line and the aircraft's longitudinal axis. It's a fixed angle for wings, but variable for variable incidence tailplanes.

NDB errors:

Interference from other NDB’s

• Static, especially near thunderstorms

• Night effect Coastal refraction

• Mountain effect

• Aircraft quadrantal error

To varify the nose gear position (up or down).

The distance from the datum to the point at which the weight of a component acts.

A Mach trimmer automatically compensates for Mach tuck above Mcrit.

Swept wings are designed to be the most effective at high speeds. At low speeds, a swept wing produces less lift than its straight counterpart.