Vmu is the minimum unstick speed.

It is the calibrated airspeed at and above which the airplane can safely lift off the ground and continue the takeoff. Lift-off is not possible prior to reaching this speed.

Vmu is not an operational speed and is established in flight testing only.

Bright yellow lights will light up in the cockpit.

Downward inclination of a wing from the root to the tip.

Mach number describes the speed of sound, which changes with the density of the medium it is travelling through.

When you reach the speed of sound, the compressibility effect creates a supersonic flow along the wing if you exceed a certain mach number.

This causes airflow separation and flutter.

It is therefore much safer and much easier to use a Mach number to express a limit at which compressibility effects start to tear the aircraft apart, as it is a constant value at all altitudes.

Meridians converge from their maximum distance apart (at the equator) to the poles where they meet.

Great circles are the shortest distance between two points and convergency represents the change in direction experienced between those points.

An IRS is an Inertial Reference System  which consists of accelerometers, gyroscopes (laser) and a position computer.

The computer calculates the aircrafts position by direction and velocity sensed by the accelerometers from the initial latitude and longitude input.

An IRS enables the aircraft to fly great circle tracks and to navigate accurately across vast expanses where no ground based navigation aids are available.

At the wing root. This is a property of rectangular wings, but it's also common to find close to the wing root devices that make it so that the wing root stalls first.

Mcrit

A coastal breeze is a wind from the sea that develops over land near coasts.

It is formed by increasing temperature differences between the land and water; these create a pressure minimum over the land due to its relative warmth, and forces higher pressure, cooler air from the sea to move inland.

Generally, air temperature gets cooler relative to nearby locations as one moves closer to a large body of water.

For every 1kg of air passing through the combustion chamber, 11kg of air pass bypass the combustion chamber.